Here, we have reviewed recent work where advanced membrane properties stem directly from the material properties provided by polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes and their complexes are an especially promising system to provide advanced membrane functionalities. This includes relevant functionalities, such as stimuli-responsiveness, fouling control, stability, specific selectivity, sustainability, and antimicrobial activity. Here, membranes with advanced functionalities that go beyond standard separation properties can play a key role. More efficient separations of chemical species are essential to reduce energy consumption and to provide more reliable access to clean water. The global society is in a transition, where dealing with climate change and water scarcity are important challenges.
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